New Species of Black Bass Discovered Through Genetic Research

The University of Georgia has made a significant discovery by identifying two previously unrecognized species of black bass: Bartram's bass (Micropterus pucpuggy) and Altamaha bass (Micropterus calliurus), as detailed in a recent study published in Zootaxa.

This classification isn't entirely new; the species have been observed for decades. Ecologist Bud Freeman first encountered Bartram's bass in the 1980s when a local couple showed him a fish they had caught in the Broad River. Recognizing its uniqueness, he attempted to purchase the specimen from them, but they refused, opting instead to prepare it for dinner.

Freeman expressed regret over the missed opportunity, stating, "That would have been an important specimen." Since that time, he and his team have collected samples from various locations, with Bartram's bass appearing in 14 sites across the Savannah and Saluda River basins, while the Altamaha bass was found in 14 sites within the Altamaha and Ogeechee River systems.

Distinct Characteristics of the New Species

Previously grouped with redeye bass, closer examination revealed distinct morphological differences between these two species. Bartram's bass features a light golden hue adorned with dark brown blotches, complemented by a mottled belly and fins that present a rosy tint. Additionally, they have a unique oval tooth patch and striking red eyes, each with a gold-ringed black pupil, reaching lengths of up to 15 inches.

In contrast, the Altamaha bass has golden scales edged in olive and darker lateral stripes. Its fins are characterized by orange accents, and like its counterpart, it possesses red eyes with a similar gold ring around the pupil, growing to about 14 inches long.

Genetic Insights

The identification process was bolstered by significant genetic analysis, marking a shift from traditional methods of species classification. Mary Freeman, a co-author of the study, articulated the advancement, stating, "Now there is also genetic characterization...to prevent including hybrid specimens." This involved examining mitochondrial DNA and utilizing advanced bioinformatics to compare nuclear DNA segments among the specimens.

The research incorporated over 100 specimens to solidify the status of these two new species, while the overall dataset analyzed 570 fish from various bass species, including smallmouth and largemouth bass.

"You're laying the baseline for the future," noted Mary Freeman. She emphasized the potential for hybridization to alter the existence of Bartram's bass and highlighted the importance of documenting their genetic makeup for future studies.

Conservation Concerns

These newly recognized species thrive in flowing river systems, typically found in pools and fast-moving waters near rocky areas. However, these habitats have been disturbed by sediment accumulation and dam construction, leading to fragmented ecosystems. The introduction of other Micropterus species into their natural habitats increases the risk of hybridization, which could jeopardize the genetic integrity of Bartram's and Altamaha bass.

As Freeman pointed out, "These evolutionarily distinct lineages are important to name." His statement underscores the urgency of recognizing these species as they face mounting threats from human activities that breach natural barriers.

A Nod to History

The name Bartram's bass honors William Bartram, who documented various species during his travels from 1773 to 1776. The scientific name M. pucpuggy pays tribute to the Seminole-Creek language, meaning "Flower Hunter." On the other hand, Altamaha bass, or M. calliurus, derives its name from terms signifying beauty, particularly in reference to its tail.

The research received support through a Competitive State Wildlife Grant awarded to both the South Carolina and Georgia Departments of Natural Resources, reflecting collaboration in wildlife conservation efforts.

In summation, the discovery of Bartram's and Altamaha bass highlights the importance of genetic research in species classification and underlines the need for preserving these unique fish against the backdrop of habitat degradation and hybridization.